What is the integral of 1/(x^3-x^2+x-1) ?

The integral of 1/(x^3-x^2+x-1) is 1/2 ln|x-1|+1/2 (-1/2 ln|x^2+1|-arctan(x))+C

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integral of 1/(x^3-x^2+x-1)

\int \frac{1}{x ^{3} - x ^{2} + x - 1} d x

\frac{1}{2} ln ∣ x - 1 ∣ + \frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{2} ln x^{2} + 1 - arctan (x)) + C

Solution steps

\int \frac{1}{x ^{3} - x ^{2} + x - 1} d x

Take the partial fraction of

\frac{1}{x ^{3} - x ^{2} + x - 1} : \frac{1}{2 ( x - 1 )} + \frac{- x - 1}{2 ( x ^{2} + 1 )}

= \int \frac{1}{2 ( x - 1 )} + \frac{- x - 1}{2 ( x ^{2} + 1 )} d x

Apply the Sum Rule:

\int f (x) \pm g (x) d x = \int f (x) d x \pm \int g (x) d x

= \int \frac{1}{2 ( x - 1 )} d x + \int \frac{- x - 1}{2 ( x ^{2} + 1 )} d x

\int \frac{1}{2 ( x - 1 )} d x = \frac{1}{2} ln ∣ x - 1 ∣

\int \frac{- x - 1}{2 ( x ^{2} + 1 )} d x = \frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{2} ln x^{2} + 1 - arctan (x))

= \frac{1}{2} ln ∣ x - 1 ∣ + \frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{2} ln x^{2} + 1 - arctan (x))

Add a constant to the solution

= \frac{1}{2} ln ∣ x - 1 ∣ + \frac{1}{2} (- \frac{1}{2} ln x^{2} + 1 - arctan (x)) + C

What is the integral of 1/(x^3-x^2+x-1) ?
The integral of 1/(x^3-x^2+x-1) is 1/2 ln|x-1|+1/2 (-1/2 ln|x^2+1|-arctan(x))+C