What is the integral of 1/(x^4-2x^3+x^2) ?

The integral of 1/(x^4-2x^3+x^2) is 2ln|x|-1/x-2ln|x-1|-1/(x-1)+C

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integral of 1/(x^4-2x^3+x^2)

\int \frac{1}{x ^{4} - 2 x ^{3} + x ^{2}} d x

2 ln ∣ x ∣ - \frac{1}{x} - 2 ln ∣ x - 1 ∣ - \frac{1}{x - 1} + C

Solution steps

\int \frac{1}{x ^{4} - 2 x ^{3} + x ^{2}} d x

Take the partial fraction of

\frac{1}{x ^{4} - 2 x ^{3} + x ^{2}} : \frac{2}{x} + \frac{1}{x ^{2}} - \frac{2}{x - 1} + \frac{1}{( x - 1 ) ^{2}}

= \int \frac{2}{x} + \frac{1}{x ^{2}} - \frac{2}{x - 1} + \frac{1}{( x - 1 ) ^{2}} d x

Apply the Sum Rule:

\int f (x) \pm g (x) d x = \int f (x) d x \pm \int g (x) d x

= \int \frac{2}{x} d x + \int \frac{1}{x ^{2}} d x - \int \frac{2}{x - 1} d x + \int \frac{1}{( x - 1 ) ^{2}} d x

\int \frac{2}{x} d x = 2 ln ∣ x ∣

\int \frac{1}{x ^{2}} d x = - \frac{1}{x}

\int \frac{2}{x - 1} d x = 2 ln ∣ x - 1 ∣

\int \frac{1}{( x - 1 ) ^{2}} d x = - \frac{1}{x - 1}

= 2 ln ∣ x ∣ - \frac{1}{x} - 2 ln ∣ x - 1 ∣ - \frac{1}{x - 1}

Add a constant to the solution

= 2 ln ∣ x ∣ - \frac{1}{x} - 2 ln ∣ x - 1 ∣ - \frac{1}{x - 1} + C

What is the integral of 1/(x^4-2x^3+x^2) ?
The integral of 1/(x^4-2x^3+x^2) is 2ln|x|-1/x-2ln|x-1|-1/(x-1)+C